Total Tayangan Halaman

Minggu, 28 September 2014

Saat ini perangkat seluler berbasis andoid mulai banyak dikenal oleh masyarkat Indonesia. Beberapa merk handphone pun sudah menggunakan android sebagai sistem operasinya. Namun, kebanyakan masyarakat hanya akrab menggunakannya saja tanpa mengetahui pengertian android yang sebenarnya.
Pengertian Android

Pengertian android

Banyak pertanyaan yang selalu muncul  mengenai android. Pengertian android secara luas adalah sistem operasi yang berbasis Linux dan diperuntukkan untuk mobile device seperti PC, Tablet atau Smartphone.  Bagi anda pengguna gadget pasti anda sudah tidak asing dengan  sistem operasi yang memiliki lambang robot dengan dua antena ini. Android yang dikembangkan oleh Google ini terus melakukan pembaruan versinya yang kebanyakan diberi nama unik dan terkesan lezat. Bagaimana tidak, nama-nama setiap versinya mengadopsi nama makanan.

Versi Android dan Fitur Unggulannya

Setelah mengetahui pengertian android, belum lengkap rasanya apabila belum mengetahui versinya yang terus mengalami perkembangan.
  • Android Jelly Bean; Android Jelly memiliki beberapa versi yaitu versi 4.1 dan 4.2. dan yang terbaru versi 4.3 yang tampil dengan performa lebih baik dari pendahulunya (4.1 dan 4.2).  Versi 4.3 dilengkapi dengan teknologi Smart Bluetooth sehingga anda tak usah khawatir akan kehilangan banyak daya saat menggunakan Bluetooth untuk transfer file atau data.
  • Ice Cream Sandwich atau disingkat ICS; merupakan android dengan fitur terbaru yang belum dimiliki oleh versi di bawahnya yaitu fitur membuka kunci dengan pengenalan wajah (face detector).  Interface-nya juga smooth dan bersih. ICS juga memiliki font yang simple namun tetap elegant yaitu Roboto.
  • Android Kitkat; terdengar seperti brand sebuah cokelat bukan? Android kitkat yang diluncurkan pada bulan Oktober 2013 ini dilengkapi dengan fitur yang lebih baik dari versi android sebelumnya. Di antaranya, memliki desain ikon dan tema yang lebih reslidtik dan unik. User dapat mengirimkan perintah ke laptop/PC yang terhubung dengan printer berkat fasilitas could printing. Walaupun layar terkunci, user tetap dapat mengakses kamera. Selain itu, ada pembaruan pada navigasi dan status bar.
  • Frozen Yoghurt; Frozen Yoghurt  memiliki beberapa keunggulan, yakni, dapat dijadikan hotspot, performa lebih baik, bisa merekam video dengan HD Quality, dan dilengkapi fitur Adobe Flash 10.1.
  • Android Eclairs, hadir dalam 2 versi yaitu 2.0 dan 2.1. Generasi ke 4 versi android ini lebih memfokuskan diri pada pengoptimalan hardware. Android Eclairs memiliki beberapa keunggulan, yakni kamera 3.2 MP yang didukung flash dan  bluetooth dengan kecepatan transfer tinggi.
Masih banyak lagi versi dari android seperti honeycomb, dan versi lainnya. Semakin tinggi versinya maka anda akan dimanjakan oleh fitur menarik dengan kecepatan yang tinggi. Meskipun versinya bervariasi, pengertian android tetap sama yaitu sebuah sistem operasi handphone yang menawarkan banyak keunggulan, seperti basis open-source, sehingga harganya lebih murah, dan berbagai aplikasi yang memanjakan penggunanya.

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android beta in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is under ongoing development by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since its initial release.
Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a confectionery-themed code name and released in alphabetical order; the exceptions are versions 1.0 and 1.1 as they were not released under specific code names:
  • Alpha (1.0)
  • Beta (1.1)
  • Cupcake (1.5)
  • Donut (1.6)
  • Eclair (2.0–2.1)
  • Froyo (2.2–2.2.3)
  • Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7)
  • Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6)
  • Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4)
  • Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1)
  • KitKat (4.4–4.4.4)
  • "L" release (developer preview)
On September 3, 2013, Google announced that 1 billion activated devices now use the Android OS worldwide.[1] The most recent major Android update was KitKat 4.4, which was released on October 31, 2013,[2] along with the Nexus 5 smartphone.

Pre-commercial release versions (2007–2008)

Alpha

There were at least two internal releases inside Google and the OHA before the Beta was released in November 2007. For the milestones in internal releases, names of fictional robots were chosen, with various releases code-named "Astro Boy", "Bender" and "R2-D2".[3][4][5] Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current green Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.[6] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived of the confections naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5.

Beta

The Beta was released on November 5, 2007,[7][8] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[9] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".[10] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:
  • November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a[11]
  • December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a[12]
  • February 13, 2008: m5-rc14[13]
  • March 3, 2008: m5-rc15[14]
  • August 18, 2008: 0.9[15]
  • September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1[16]

Version history by API level

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.





[hide]

Android 4.4 KitKat (API level 19)

Android 4.4 KitKat (API level 19)
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie."[125] Some technology bloggers also expected the "Key Lime Pie" release to be Android 5.[126] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and has been optimised to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as "Project Svelte" internally at Google.[127] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[128]
Version Release date Features Image(s)
4.4 October 31, 2013[129][130]
  • Refreshed interface with white elements instead of blue
  • Clock no longer shows bold hours, all digits are thin. The H, M, and S markings for the stopwatch and timer have been removed, leaving just the numbers.
  • Ability for applications to trigger translucency in the navigation and status bars[131]
  • Ability for applications to use "immersive mode" to keep the navigation and status bars hidden while maintaining user interaction[132]
  • Action overflow menu buttons are always visible, even on devices with a "Menu" key, which was officially deprecated by Android 4.0.[133]
  • Optimizations for performance on devices with lower specifications, including zRAM support and "low RAM" device API[127]
  • Wireless printing capability[127]
  • NFC host card emulation, enabling a device to replace smart cards[127]
  • WebViews now based on Chromium engine (feature parity with Chrome for Android 30)
  • Expanded functionality for notification listener services[127]
  • Public API for developing and managing text messaging clients[134]
  • New framework for UI transitions
  • Storage Access Framework, an API allowing apps to retrieve files in a consistent manner. As part of the framework, a new system file picker allows users to access files from various sources (including those exposed by apps, such as online storage services).[67]
  • Sensor batching, step detector and counter APIs[127]
  • Settings application now makes it possible to select default text messaging and home (launcher) application
  • Audio tunneling, audio monitoring and loudness enhancer[135]
  • Built-in screen recording feature (primarily for developers, as usage of ADB is required)[136]
  • Native infrared blaster API
  • Expanded accessibility APIs and system-level closed captioning settings
  • Android Runtime (ART) introduced as a new experimental application runtime environment, not enabled by default, as a replacement for the Dalvik virtual machine[137]
  • Bluetooth Message Access Profile (MAP) support[138]
  • Disabled access to battery statistics by third-party applications[139]
  • Settings application no longer uses a multi-pane layout on devices with larger screens
  • Wi-Fi and mobile data activity (TX/RX) indicators are moved to quick settings[140]
  • Browser text wrap is disabled.[141]
 Android 4.4.2.png
Android 4.4.2 (OmniROM, AOSP-based)
4.4.1 December 5, 2013[142]
  • Improvements to auto focus, white balance and HDR+ for the Nexus 5 camera[143][144]
  • Better application compatibility for the experimental Android Runtime (ART)
  • Camera application now loads Google+ Photos instead of Gallery when swiping away from the camera view
  • Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes
4.4.2 December 9, 2013[145]
  • Further security enhancements and bug fixes
  • Removal of the "App Ops" application permissions control system, introduced in Android 4.3[146]
4.4.3 June 2, 2014[147]
  • Refreshed Dialer app interface[148]
  • Updated the Chromium based WebView to version 33 (screencasting to DevTools, HTML5 Canvas hardware acceleration performance improvements, vibration API, HTML5 form validation, HTML5 datalist)[149]
  • Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes
4.4.4 June 19, 2014[150]
[hide]

Android 4.4 KitKat with wearable extensions (API level 20)

Android 4.4 KitKat with wearable extensions (API level 20)

Version Release date Features Image(s)
4.4w[152] Announced[153]
  • Same as Android 4.4 KitKat, but with wearable extensions added[153]

Hardware requirements

See also: Android: Hardware
The main hardware platform for Android is the 32-bit ARMv7 architecture. The unofficial Android-x86 project provides support for the x86 architecture,[154] and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android. Since 2012, Intel processors began to appear on more mainstream Android platforms, such as phones.[155]
Minimum hardware requirements have been upgraded in steps over time, with the new Android version releases. Original minimums were 32 MB of RAM, 32 MB of Flash memory, and a 200 MHz ARM architecture (ARMv5) processor.[156][157] As of October 2011 and version 4.0, a graphics processing unit (GPU) that supports OpenGL ES 2.0 (and ES 1.0) hardware acceleration is mandatory,[158] regardless of whether applications directly use the OpenGL ES or not.
As of November 2013 and Android version 4.4, an ARMv7 processor is required, while recommended minimum amount of RAM is 512 MB.[127] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android 4.4 is 340 MB (this amount does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor), and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[128] MIPS and x86 architectures are also supported through unofficial ports.[154][159] Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then ARM64. Android 4.3 added support for OpenGL ES 3.0; if used, support for both older versions (ES 2.0 and 1.0) is still mandatory.[158]
In addition to running directly on x86-based hardware, Android can also be run on x86 architecture by using an Android emulator which is part of the Android SDK, or by using BlueStacks or Andy.[160][161]

See also

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